Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is known as the most effective technique in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Parkinson disease (PD) and epilepsy. Relative healing and effective control of disease symptoms are the most significant reasons for the tangible tendency in use and development of this technology. Nevertheless, more cellular and molecular investigations are required ...

Two most common tasks in controller design is regulation and signal tracking. Regulating controllers try to keep system stably in a fixed state. Balancing an inverted pendulum or keeping the speed a car at constant level are most obvious examples of regulation problems. All kinds of servomechanisms, such as autopilots and robotic arms, are the examples of signal tracking problems. An open-loop ...

Multiple extracellular microelectrodes (multi-electrode arrays, or MEAs) effectively record rapidly varying neural signals, and can also be used for electrical stimulation. Multi-electrode recording can serve as artificial output (efferents) from a neural system, while complex spatially and temporally targeted stimulation can serve as artificial input (afferents) to the neuronal network. Multi-...