Biosensors are sensitive and can be used as disposable sensors for environmental control. These biosensors are based either on inhibition of acyl cholinesterases acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase) by organophosphorus compounds or on inhibition of enzymes phosphatases (acid or alkaline) or on direct detection of organophosphorus compounds by organophosphorus hydrolase. The state-of-t...

The federal laws and regulations governing the registration and use of pesticides in the United States under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act are published in the Federal Register, while state laws such as California are published in the California Food and Agricultural Code, Divisions 6, 7, and 13. Up until the passage of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA of 1996), f...

Strip tillage with various crop covers in peanut (Arachis hypogaea, L.) production has not shown a clear yield advantage over conventional tillage, but has been found to reduce yield losses from some diseases. This study was conducted to determine pod yield and disease incidence between two tillage practices, five winter cover crops, three peanut cultivars, and three fungicide programs. Convent...

Objectives: 1. Develop a weather-based model for scheduling fungicide applications to improve disease control and reduce fungicide usage. 2. Evaluate efficacy of various products for control of apple powdery mildew. 3. Evaluate reduced DMI and strobilurin fungicide programs, in combination with inorganic salts, for control of powdery mildew. 4. Evaluate various reduced fungicide programs, alone...

Fungal growth inhibition on solid media has been historically measured and calculated based on the average of perpendicular diameter measurements of growth on fungicide amended media. We investigated the sensitivity of the calculated area (DA) and the measured area (MA) for assessing fungicide growth inhibition of the ascomycete, Phyllosticta citricarpa on solid media. Both the calculated, DA a...

Two key decisions that need to be taken about a fungicide treatment programme are (i) the number of applications that should be used per crop growing season, and (ii) the dosage that should be used in each application. There are two opposing considerations, with control efficacy improved by a higher number of applications and higher dose, and resistance management improved by a lower number of ...

Dollar spot, caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, is the most prevalent and economically important turfgrass disease in North America. Increasing levels of fungicide resistance, coupled with tightening environmental scrutiny of existing fungicides, has left fewer options for managing dollar spot. More knowledge about S. homoeocarpa populations is needed to improve dollar spot management strategie...

The molecular descriptors family on structure activity relationships methodology was applied on ten cyclic organophosphorus compounds in order to predict theirs molar refraction. A number of 107692 significantly different MDF members enter into a multiple linear regression analysis. A pair of descriptors (lGDmSMt, lAmrfEt), which have the best performing ability in prediction of molar refractio...

Rapid and sensitive detection methods are in urgent demand for the screening of extensively used organophosphorus pesticides and highly toxic nerve agents for their neurotoxicity. In this study, we developed a novel Fe(3)O(4) magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) peroxidase mimetic-based colorimetric method for the rapid detection of organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents. The detection assay is co...

BACKGROUND Pesticide poisoning is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in India. OBJECTIVES To assess the oxidative damage, hemoglobin level and leukocyte count in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. METHODS Plasma cholinesterase was assessed as a toxicity marker. Oxidative damage was assessed by estimating serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, plasma total antioxidant capaci...