OBJECTIVES Long-term treatment with antipsychotics causes serious side effects such as tardive dyskinesia that characterized by abnormal movements in the orofacial region. Oxidative stress in the brain specific area is implicated in the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia. In this study the protective effect of crocin on haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia was evaluated. MATERIALS AND ...

Tardive dyskinesia is hyperkinetic movement disorder in which repetitive involuntary movements. Preclinical studies for tardive dyskinesia require use of large amount of animals. In order to reduce animal use, principle of refinement is used in the present research. Albino rats were used as animal model. Different drugs were used to induce orofacial dyskinesia. Locomotor activity, open field ac...

Reserpine-induced catalepsy is an animal model used to mimic the behavioural symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in experimental animals. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts of Sida cordifolia (AESC and EESC respectively), in reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia and catalepsy along with lipid peroxidation evaluated by the levels of...

A case of tardive dyskinesia presenting with severe dysphagia as the predominant feature is described. Diagnosis was delayed because clinically apparent orofacial dyskinetic movements were minimal. The symptoms resolved following the cessation of neuroleptic medication.

Rodents with lesion of dopaminergic pathway when receiving repeated l-3,4-dihydroxiphenylalanine (l-DOPA) treatment develop abnormal involuntary movements called dyskinesia. We demonstrated that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors mitigate l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in rodents. The aim of the present study was to verify if the in vivo preferential neuronal NOS (nNOS) inhibitor 7-nitroindazole...

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is an umbrella term typically used to describe a movement disorder associated with the use of neuroleptic (anti-psychotic) medication. It is characterized by abnormal, repetitive and involuntary movements. The movements may be around the mouth and face (orofacial dyskinesia) and less frequently, in the trunk and limbs (trunk and limb dyskinesia). TD occurs in over 20% of...

Edentulous orofacial dyskinesia is a rare condition, characterized by involuntary rhythmic movements of the mandible and presents an embarrassing situation for the patient. Edentulism has been considered as one of the proponents of these irregular movements, and rehabilitation of these patients with complete denture-fabrication using traditional technique restores the masticatory inefficiency a...

OBJECTIVE Four types of antipsychotic-induced movement disorders: tardive dyskinesia (TD), parkinsonism, akathisia and tardive dystonia, subtypes of TD (orofacial and limb truncal dyskinesia), subtypes of parkinsonism (rest tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia), as well as a principal-factor of the movement disorders and their subtypes, were examined for association with variation in 10 candidate...