BACKGROUND Milder ovarian stimulation protocols for in vitro fertilization (IVF) are being developed to minimize adverse effects. Mild stimulation regimens result in a decreased number of oocytes at retrieval. After conventional ovarian stimulation for IVF, a low number of oocytes are believed to represent poor ovarian reserve resulting in reduced success rates. Recent studies suggest that a si...

background: polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos) is associated with approximately 75% of women who suffer from infertility due to anovulation. additionally, around 20– 25% of anovulatory women with pcos do not respond at all to clomiphene citrate and are considered to be “clomiphene– resistant”. aromatase inhibitors have been suggested as an alternative treatment to clomiphene as the discrepancy be...

objective(s) sildenafil citrate is a new drug and has special properties that bring about nitric oxide effects on vascular smooth muscle. the aim of this study was to assess the effects of ovarian stimulation and sildenafil citrate injection on pinopode expression in mice. materials and methods thirty adult female mice were randomly divided into three groups: control, hyperstimulated and hypers...

background: release of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) by ovaries in response to hcg administration is one of the main mechanisms of ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome. since dopamine/dopamine receptor2 (dp-r2) pathway activity -mediated by vegf/ vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (vegfr-2) signaling-, is associated with angiogenic events, dopamine agonists were used for th...

BACKGROUND Poor ovarian response and retrieval of no oocytes following ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF) is a challenging problem for both the patient and the clinician. FINDINGS Recent evidence indicates that folliculogenesis occurs in a wave-like fashion indicating that there are multiple follicular recruitment waves in the same menstrual cycle. This relatively new scient...

During the early follicular phase in the menstrual cycle, antral follicle sizes are often markedly heterogeneous. These follicular size discrepancies may, at least in part, result from the early exposure of FSH-sensitive follicles to gradient FSH concentrations during the preceding luteal phase. In addition, they potentially affect the results of ovarian stimulation. Indeed, pre-existing follic...

Estrogen appears to enhance cerebral blood flow (CBF). An association between CBF and physiologically altered hormonal levels due to menstrual cycle, menopause, or exogenous manipulations such as ovariectomy or hormone replacement therapy has been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between ovarian stimulation and CBF in vivo by measuring blood flow in the i...

Ovarian stimulation is usually carried out with exogenous gonadotropins to induce multiple follicle development and to mature more oocytes for in vitro Fertilization (IVF) [1]. According to the traditional folliculogenesis, antral follicles in each ovary are recruited from the late luteal phase of the preceding menstrual cycle for the following follicle phase. The dominant follicle is selected ...