The natural history of diabetes mellitus can be arbitrarily divided into four stages based on the presence or absence of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. Overt diabetes is the most advanced stage, characterized by elevated fasting blood glucose concentration and classical symptoms. This stage is divided into ketotic and nonketotic forms. Preceding overt diabetes is the latent or chemical diabe...

American Diabetes Association defines gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) as diabetes which is diagnosed in the 2nd or 3rd trimester of pregnancy and is not clearly overt diabetes. GDM, if missed or not treated properly can result in maternal and foetal complications, short as well as long term. Screening for overt diabetes, especially for high risk women should be done at the earliest in pregn...

1. Type 1 diabetes (due to b-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency) 2. Type 2 diabetes (due to a progressive insulin secretory defect on the background of insulin resistance) 3. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that is not clearly overt diabetes) 4. Specific types of diabetes due to other causes, e.g...

1. Type 1 diabetes (due to b-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency) 2. Type 2 diabetes (due to a progressive insulin secretory defect on the background of insulin resistance) 3. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that is not clearly overt diabetes) 4. Specific types of diabetes due to other causes, e.g...

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common medical complication of pregnancy today. As per American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2022, latest definition GDM diagnosed in second or third trimester that was not clearly overt prior to gestation. Blood sugar more than normal and less first defined as hyperglycemia early pregnancy. has been associated with adverse effects outcomes such pre...

African Americans with early-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus are at a high risk for severe diabetic nephropathy and end-stage renal disease. In order to determine whether baseline plasma levels of inflammatory markers predict incidence of overt proteinuria or renal failure in African Americans with type 1 diabetes mellitus, we re-examined data of 356 participants in our observational follow-up s...

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance of varying degree diagnosed first time during the pregnancy. Blood values revert to normal level soon after delivery. But women carry a lifetime risk getting overt diabetes within 5 years. The management GDM mainly comprises medical nutrition therapy, exercise, weight and Self-Monitoring Glucose (SMBG). Among all components, ...

Background There is an epidemic of obesity and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in the developed world. Subclinical diastolic dysfunction in diabetes is associated with the development of overt heart failure. Although diabetic cardiomyopathy is well documented in older adults with T2DM there are scarce data on younger adults and no published CMR data. We aimed to assess the prevalence and potent...

OBJECTIVES An impaired heart rate response during exercise (chronotropic incompetence) and an impaired heart rate recovery (HRR) after exercise are predictors of cardiovascular risk and mortality. Cystatin C is a novel marker for cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate exercise electrocardiographic responses in patients with metabolic syndrome who were without overt diabetes mellitus, i...