BACKGROUND The level of participation in research by GPs is low internationally. Previous reports of the reasons why practitioners decline opportunities for research participation have tended to recount the barriers that they describe as if they are objective accounts. OBJECTIVE By theoretical sampling of practitioners who had declined to participate in a research trial, we sought to interpre...

conscientious refusal. However, the fact that there is a non-zero probability of something immoral happening is not all we can know about a given situation, and certainly not all the conscientiously-objecting pharmacist can know about the use of EC. We can know that the immoral thing is more or less likely to occur — often our approximation will be considerably more specific than merely non-zer...

Ethical constraints often prevent epidemiological studies from evaluating the impact of non-participation. Particular problems may arise when subjects fail to respond to an approach by researchers or when they cannot be contacted because of inaccurate contact details or a doctor’s refusal to give permission for their patient to be approached. If these subjects differ from those subjects who agr...

OBJECTIVE In 2005, we conducted a study of the prevalence of board certification requirements for hospital privileging and found that one-third of hospitals did not require pediatricians to be board certified. In 2010, the American Board of Pediatrics implemented the Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program. To examine changes in the policies of hospitals regarding requirements for board cert...

Introduction As physical performance may be more difficult for overweight children than for their non-overweight peers, understanding how weight impacts student performance in the physical education (P.E.) classroom could inform school-based obesity prevention programming. Materials and methods This qualitative case study examined one elementary physical educator's perspectives of overweight ...

Not all women invited to participate in the NHS breast screening programme will do so; those who do not may differ in their risk of breast cancer from those who do. This “self selection” for screening can result in women at either high or low risk being overrepresented in those screened. A screening programme in which those who attend have a high risk of breast cancer is likely to detect more c...

Study sample Power calculations were conducted in the preliminary phase of the study. These suggested that a sample of 1,800 individuals would be required to obtain a prevalence ratio of 1.6 with 80% power and a 5% alpha error for presentations ranging from 25 to 75%. An additional 10% of patients were enrolled to account for potential refusals, and a further 15% to ensure sufficient power for ...

BACKGROUND Teaching sessions for medical students during ward rounds are an essential component of bedside teaching, providing students with the opportunity to regard patients as actual people, and to observe their physical conditions directly, allowing a better understanding of illnesses to be developed. We aim to explore medical students' perceptions regarding medical and surgical ward rounds...