sixteen avian influenza (ai) h9n2 viruses were isolated from disease outbreaks in different parts of iranduring (1998–2001). these ai isolates were used for pathogenicity, haemagglutinin (ha) gene variation andphylogenetic analysis. results in both pathogenicity tests and ha gene cleavage site sequence detectionrepresented a non-highly pathogenic feature for all iranian ai isolates studied. the...

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) affect a wide range of birds and mammals, cause severe economic damage to the poultry industry, and pose a serious threat to humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) H5N1 were first identified in Southeast Asia in 1996 and spread to four continents over the following years. The viruses have caused high mortality in chickens and various bird species ...

The long term survival of fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) and human pathogenic microorganisms in sediments is important from a water quality, human health and ecological perspective. Typically, both bacteria and viruses strongly associate with particulate matter present in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. This association tends to be stronger in finer textured sediments and is st...

objective: microorganisms are responsible for many problems in industry and medicine because of biofilm formation. therefore, this study was aimed to examine the effect of thymus vulgaris (t. vulgaris) extracts on the planktonic form and biofilm structures of six pathogenic bacteria. materials and methods: antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts against the planktonic form of the bacteri...

background: free-living amoebae (fla) are group of protozoa distributed worldwide in many habitats mainly water and soil related sources. some members of fla are able to act as opportunistic pathogens and are environmental carriers of other pathogenic agents such as bacteria and viruses. vermamoeba vermiformis is a highly abundant fla species in water bodies and has recently gained environmenta...

Bacteriophages were isolated from raw sewage and selected based on the size clarity of plaque that formed. The phages further enriched purified. bacteriophages found to be able lyse Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate sewage. virulent bacterial viruses widespread occurrence in nature Bacterial applied control pathogenic bacteria different fields successfully. Therefore, this work aimed study is capa...