The depth of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is a climatologically important quantity that has received little attention on regional to global scales. Here a 10-yr climatology of PBL depth from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) atmospheric GCM is analyzed using the PBL mass budget. Based on the dominant physical processes, several PBL regimes are identified. These regimes tend...

We evaluate planetary boundary-layer (PBL) parametrizations in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical model, with three connected objectives: first, for a 16-year period, we use a cluster analysis algorithm of three-day back-trajectories to determine general synoptic flow patterns over Barcelona, Spain arriving at heights of 0.5, 1.5, and 3 km; to represent the lower PBL, upper PB...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical outcomes associated with the resection of both endometrioma and posterior broad ligament (PBL) among women with PBL adhesion associated with endometrioma. METHODS Between January 2007 and December 2009 at the Villanova Hospital, Florence, Italy, a prospective trial was conducted on 99 consecutive patients with unilateral or bilateral endometrioma who underwent l...

Problem-based learning (PBL) is an increasingly common pedagogical method in health sciences education. Medicine has led the way, but many health science educators in other disciplines have begun to use PBL or are looking seriously at introducing it. There is far less information available about the extent and the scope of PBL in dental education than in medical education. The International Den...

The Faculty of Health Sciences at McMaster University has pioneered, experimented and finally excelled in the application of problem-based learning (PBL) as an entire medical curriculum for the past 35 years. However, the general practice of PBL by other medical schools around the globe has progressed slowly. In theory, PBL as an educational philosophy has long been considered as a quality cogn...

BACKGROUND There is a growing amount of literature on the benefits and drawbacks of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) compared to conventional curricula. However, it seems that PBL research studies do not provide information rigorously and formally that can contribute to making evidence-based medical education decisions. The authors performed an investigation aimed at medical education scholars arou...

Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus; Manipal, Karnataka, India) conducts the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery program, for which the admission intakes are during the months of March and September. The present study was undertaken to study the differences in learning approaches to physiology of undergraduate medical students in a partially problem-based learning (PBL)- and...

Problem-based learning (PBL) has emerged as a useful tool of epistemological reform in higher education, particularly in medical schools. Indeed, PBL has spent most of its career inducing revolutionary undergraduate medical reform. Nevertheless, obtaining informed agreement on the characteristics of the PBL "genus" is a challenge when the label is vulnerable to being borrowed for prestige or su...

Stimulation of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and production of PHA-induced cytotoxicity were investigated. PBL transformation stimulated by PHA was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, and the cytotoxicity was assayed by measuring the reduction of 14C-leucine incorporation in to target cells after interaction with PHA-treated PBL. The cytotoxicity of P...