The formation of White Etching Layers (WELs) in rails can lead to the initiation microcracks, thus reducing service time rails. However, WEL mechanism is not yet understood. Brown (BELs) are intermediate microstructure located between parent pearlite and WEL. In this work, we use BELs as a microstructural tracer understand early stages formation. We study mechanisms an industrial R350HT rail st...

The pearlite lamellar spacing (λpearlite) is one of the microstructure parameters that define strength graphite iron (LGI). transformation kinetics λpearlite has been subject several modeling studies for steels, which demonstrated can be calculated as a function undercooling. However, it hard to find in literature models prediction LGI. In present work, fully pearlitic LGI was investigated wi...

In this present work effect of temperature and graphite contents on the microstructural and mechanical properties of iron based powder metallurgy freeform was studied. The different graphite contents (0%, 2%, 5% and 10%) were mixed in iron powder and compact them in 100 KN. These specimens were sintered at 7000 C, 8500 C and 10000 C in muffle furnaces. Microstructural properties were evaluated ...

In Part II of this paper, a cutting force model for the micro-endmilling process is developed. This model incorporates the minimum chip thickness concept in order to predict the effects of the cutter edge radius on the cutting forces. A new chip thickness computation algorithm is developed to include the minimum chip thickness effect. A slip-line plasticity force model is used to predict the fo...

In this study, structural and crystallographic properties of phase transformations in Fe–Mn– Mo–Si (Mn = 15.14 wt.% 18.45 wt.%) alloys were investigated. The effects heat treatment temperature on microstructure investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Metallurgical (MM). addition to this, revealed using Transmission (TEM) X–Ray Diffraction (XRD) methods. the samples subjected at 750 ...

A theory for the diffusion–controlled growth of pearlite in steels containing manganese is presented and assessed in the light of experimental data. Given the overwhelmingly rapid diffusivity that a substitutional solute has within the transformation front, the growth rate is found to be dominated by diffusion parallel to the interface with austenite as the rate controlling step. The relevant i...

M. Suliga, R. Kruzel, Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa, Poland In the paper the influence of modification of patenting process on steel cord properties has been assessed. It was found that the wires of pearlite structure, in comparison to the wires of pearlite-bainite structure, characterized much better properties whi...

This work presents a three dimensional microstructural analysis of medium carbon steels, based on serial sectioning using optical microscopy. The microstructural phases considered here are ferrite and pearlite. Typically conventional 2D microscopy is used to analyze these phases, with eddy current or ultrasonic methods as alternatives. Medium carbon steel samples were heat treated in a furnace ...