When confronted with the current crisis in peripheral Europe, many specialists in emerging-market macroeconomics feel that it is déjà vu all over again. An implication of this feeling is that in order to understand the current situation in southern Europe, one should dust off the theories of exchange-rate crises that were motivated by the economic experience under fixed exchange rates in Latin ...

A major problem in semantics is the question how identity statements can be informative. To answer this question we have to determine what the status is of the objects that language users talk about when they exchange information. It is argued that the assumption of discourse representation theory, that these objects are variables in some representation, leads to problems. To cope with these pr...

In 1966, Claude Berge proposed the following sorting problem. Given a string of n alternating white and black pegs, rearrange the pegs into a string consisting of ⌈n 2 ⌉ white pegs followed immediately by ⌊n 2 ⌋ black pegs (or vice versa) using only moves which take 2 adjacent pegs to 2 vacant adjacent holes. Berge’s original question was generalized by considering the same sorting problem usin...

The objective of the well-known Towers Hanoi puzzle is to move a set disks one at time from pegs another, while keeping sorted on each peg. We propose an adversarial variation in which first player forbids states puzzle, and second must then convert randomly-selected state another without passing through forbidden states. Analyzing this version raises question treewidth graphs. find number exac...

The use of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) in PEG conjugates of proteins and non-protein therapeutic agents has led to the recognition that the polymer components of such conjugates can induce anti-PEG antibodies (anti-PEGs) that may accelerate the clearance and reduce the efficacy of the conjugates. Others have classified anti-PEGs as "methoxy-specific" or "backbone-specific". The results ...

In 1966, Claude Berge proposed the following sorting problem. Given a string of n alternating white and black pegs on a one-dimensional board consisting of an unlimited number of empty holes, rearrange the pegs into a string consisting of ⌈n 2 ⌉ white pegs followed immediately by ⌊n 2 ⌋ black pegs (or vice versa) using only moves which take 2 adjacent pegs to 2 vacant adjacent holes. Avis and D...

We describe the application of a simple and reliable experimental model for studying intestinal permeability. Swedish Landrace pigs were anesthetized and catheters put in the carotid artery, the external jugular vein, the proximal part of the duodenum, and the urinary bladder. A mixture of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) with molecular weights ranging from 414 to 1,074 daltons was then instilled in...

The Tower of Hanoi problem with h ≥ 4 pegs is long known to require a sub-exponential number of moves in order to transfer a pile of n disks from one peg to another. In this paper we discuss the Pathh variant, where the pegs are placed along a line, and disks can be moved from a peg to its nearest neighbor(s) only. Whereas in the simple variant there are h(h − 1)/2 bi-directional interconnectio...

In the Japanese pear pathotype of Alternaria alternata, H2O2 is generated solely from penetration pegs and not from other portions of subcuticular hyphae within the pectin layers of host leaves. A close association between H2O2 generation and fungal aggressiveness is expected because the pegs are important for fungal penetration into the host epidermis. To determine the potential role of reacti...