The occurrence patterns of forest insect pests and diseases have been altered by global events such as climate change. Recent developments in improved monitoring methods tools for data analyses provide new opportunities to understand the causes consequences changes. Using a variety management tools, pest programs can mitigate influence changes on health. goal this Special Issue is improve our u...

Approximately 3.200 trees in young mixed~conifer stands were examined for pest activity and human-caused or mechanical injuries, and approximately 25 percent of these trees were randomly selected for stem analyses. The examination of trees felled for stem analyses showed that 409 (47 percent) were free of pests and 466 (53 percent) had one or more pest categories. Incense~cedar contained the fe...

To study the feasibility of monitoring the diseases and insect pests in tobacco using hyperspectral remote sensing, leaf spectrum of tobacco infected with diseases and insect pests at different severity levels was measured by using ASD hand-held spectroradiometers. The reflectance data was transformed by the method of the first differential coefficient. Meanwhile, the correlation between severi...

Citrus production has a great importance and position in Iran. The growth and sustainability of the agriculture sector is impossible without appropriate and effective risk identification and management. In this study, the main risks of citrus gardens were identified based on the Delphi method through questionnaires completed by 16 experts. Then, using the TOPSIS technique, the risks involved in...

Global trade, both in variety and quantities of goods moved, is increasing year by year. For example,WTO statistics indicate that between 2000 and 2005, global sea and air freight rose by around 20percent with volumes now exceeding 7 billion tons per year. Trends in eco-climatic variables underdifferent climate change scenarios also show marked differences in key drivers such as tem...

the aim of this study was to comparable application cultural, biological and chemical control methods of pests, diseases and weeds in rice among paddy farmers in sari county. a sample of 260 farmers was selected by using proportional random sampling method. data were collected by means of a questionnaire. validity of questionnaire was confirmed by agricultural jihad experts of sari county and s...