Pheromones are chemicals produced as liquids by specialised cells or glands and transmitted into the environment as liquids or gases. In contrary to hormones, which are excreted in organism and have effect exclusively on organism that produced them, pheromones are excreted outside organism and effect on different individuals of the same species. Pheromones mediate nearly all aspects of honeybee...

Pheromones are low molecular weight chemical substances that are produced by a plant or animal and cause a response in another individual of same or another spices. Pheromones can be of many different chemical types, to serve different functions even for survival of the individual. Pheromones are sending out subconscious scent signals to male or female that naturally trigger attraction, arousal...

Tick pheromones that regulate assembly, attraction/aggregation/attachment, and mating behavior have been described. Most of the compounds regulating these behaviors are purines, substituted phenols, or cholesteryl esters. Other pheromonal compounds include organic acids, hematin, or ecdysteroids. Novel devices have been developed that combine the specific compounds comprising these pheromones w...

Pheromones function not only as mate attractors, but they may also relay important information to prospective mates. It has been shown that vertebrates can distinguish, via olfactory mechanisms, major histocompatibility complex types in their prospective mates. However, whether pheromones can transmit information about immunocompetence is unknown. Here, we show that female mealworm beetles (Ten...

Pheromones are chemical substances essential for communication among social insects. In the application of swarm intelligence to real micro mobile robots, deployment a single virtual pheromone has emerged recently as powerful real-time method indirect communication. However, these studies usually exploit only one kind pheromones in their task, neglecting crucial fact that world insects, multipl...

Pheromones are involved in communication between con-specific members of different species of insects, birds and mammals. Numerous works have been carried out in insects, wild animals, small ruminants and in pig. However, in cattle and particularly buffaloes, application of pheromones have been tried to augment reproductive efficiency only in the recent years. This review covers in detail about...

J. Econ. Entomo!' 88(4): 864--869 (1995) ABSTRACT Combinations of aggregation pheromones for 3 nitidulid beetle species, Carpophillls hel1lipterlls (L.), C. 11l11tilatlls Erichson, and C. freel1lani Dobson, were evaluated as trap baits in a date garden in southern California. All possible 2and 3-way combinations "'ere compared \\ith the single pheromones; fermenting whole wheat bread dough was ...

Chemical signals or pheromones are the most important signals for most of the animal kingdom. The organization of the olfactory system and brain, independently evolved across many taxa, makes it almost inevitable that chemical communication will evolve as animals are selected to respond to their chemical enviroimient (Wyatt, 2003). As might be expected, pheromones play key roles in the lives of...

In energy-constrained wireless sensor networks, energy efficiency is critical for prolonging the network lifetime. A family of ant colony algorithms called DAACA for data aggregation are proposed in this paper. DAACA consists of three phases: initialization, packets transmissions and operations on pheromones. In the transmission phase, each node estimates the remaining energy and the amount of ...