speakers of different languages have paid attention to the phonetics of their language since ancient times. muslim scientists have also taken into consideration the value of phonological studies and among them there are linguists who are not less important than any western ones like saussure, chomsky and jacobson. some of them are even counted more major than westerners; one of these muslim sch...

In Stratal OT, morphology and phonology are stratified and interleaved, as in traditional Lexical Phonology (Mohanan 1986), but the strata (Stem, Word, Postlexical) are characterized by systems of parallel constraints. The output of each morphological operation is submitted to the phonological constraints on its stratum: stems must satisfy the stem phonology, words must satisfy the word phonolo...

It is noted that much previous work in phonology has attempted to provide economical theories of sound systems without explicitly attempting to provide theories that have psycholinguistic validity. The work of Bybee on a cognitive approach to phonology is described, and its possible application to disordered speech is considered. It is discussed that cognitive phonology, coupled with gestural p...

Two-level morphology is a system which relates lexical representations of morpheme sequences directly to their surface/phonetic forms, without intermediate derivational stages as in most other generative approaches. It thus draws its name from the restriction of phonology to two levels of representation, and perhaps should more properly be known as two-level phonology. The morphological compone...