Standard slice electrophysiology has allowed researchers to probe individual components of neural circuitry by recording electrical responses of single cells in response to electrical or pharmacological manipulations(1,2). With the invention of methods to optically control genetically targeted neurons (optogenetics), researchers now have an unprecedented level of control over specific groups of...

Variable Frequency Photo-stimulation (VFP) goggles are a form of portable stroboscope, using red Light Emitting Diodes to alternately illuminate the right and left eyes, with the eyelids closed, at a rate of 0.5 to 50 Hz. VFP goggles were used in the treatment of 7 patients with migraine headache. Of 50 migraine headaches recorded, 49 were rated by the patient as being helped and 36 as being st...

We report the modeling and designing aspects of different types of photo-acoustic (PA) cell based on the excitation of longitudinal, radial and azimuthal mode using CW and pulse lasers. The results are obtained by employing fluid dynamics equations along with Bessel’s function. The obtained results based on stimulation of longitudinal, radial and azimuthally resonance modes of the Photo acousti...

Recent experimental and theoretical work indicates that both the intensity and the temporal structure of synaptic activity strongly modulate the integrative properties of single neurons in the intact brain. However, studying these effects experimentally is complicated by the fact that, in experimental systems, network activity is either absent, as in the acute slice preparation, or difficult to...

Styryl (FM) dyes have been used for more than two decades to investigate exo- and endocytosis in conventional synapses. However, they are difficult to use in the inner hair cells of the auditory pathway (IHCs), as FM dyes appear to penetrate through mechanotransducer channels into the cytosol of IHCs, masking endocytotic uptake. To solve this problem we applied to IHCs the FM dye photo-oxidatio...

The giant neurones and relatively long nerves or connectives of the mollusca have been used extensively in electrophysiological studies, but little work has been done on the physiological behaviour of neurones in situ. Hughes & Tauc (1962) have reported investigation on giant cells of Aplysia in the whole animal as well as in isolated ganglion preparations. Recently, the gill-withdrawal reflex ...

This paper is a definition of photo elicitation and a history of its development in anthropology and sociology. The view of photo elicitation in these disciplines, where the greatest number of photo elicitation studies have taken place, organizes photo elicitation studies by topic and by form. The paper also presents practical considerations from a frequent photo elicitation researcher and conc...