The kininogens were first recognized as the parent molecules for bradykinin. Their relative physiologic importance in plasma hemostasis and fibrinolysis and tissue cysteine protease inhibition has not been clarifed. Recent studies on the structure and function of the plasma kininogens, their interaction with cells of the intravascular compartment, and clinical investigations on contact system a...

Physiologic pituitary enlargement is common during normal pregnancy. However, symptoms such as diplopia, blurred vision and headache resulting from physiologic pituitary enlargement are very rare during pregnancy. A 39-year-old woman complained of sudden diplopia and left eye ptosis at 33th weeks of gestation. An magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the pituitary enlargement compressin...

Insulin remains indispensable to the treatment of diabetes, but its availability in injectable form only has hampered its timely and broader use. The development of an oral insulin remains an ultimate goal to both enhance ease of use, and to provide therapeutic advantages rooted in its direct delivery to the portal vein and liver. By mimicking the physiological path taken by pancreatic insulin,...

Carbon monoxide (CO) has long been considered an environmental pollutant and a poison. Exogenous exposure to amounts of CO beyond the physiologic level of the body can result in a protective or adaptive response. However, as a gasotransmitter, endogenous CO is important for multiple physiologic functions. To date, at least seven distinct methods of delivering CO have been utilized in animal and...

These data suggest that the physiologic stress associated with two consecutive freeze-thaw processes is likely minor. Dual freeze-thaw of embryos does not appear to adversely impact delivery rate in IVF; a livebirth delivery rate of 35.7% per transfer was observed in our population.

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Hormone replacement therapy by pellet implantation has been used with great success in the United States, Europe and Australia since 1938 and found to be superior to other methods of hormone delivery (Greenblatt 49, Mishnell 41, Cantrill 84, Stanczyk 88). It is not experimental. Pellets deliver consistent, physiologic levels of hormones and avoid the fluctuations of hormone levels seen with oth...