نتایج جستجو برای: plastics
تعداد نتایج: 6814 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
Over the past century, plastics have infiltrated all aspects of human life. From the plastic shrink wrapping that protects food from bacteria and fungus, to the Styrofoam cup that keeps coffee hot and soft drinks cold, to the life-saving medical equipment found in hospitals and doctor’s offices, plastic is everywhere. However, the popularity of plastics comes at great cost. Most plastics are de...
Plastics are inexpensive, lightweight and durable materials, which can readily be moulded into a variety of products that find use in a wide range of applications. As a consequence, the production of plastics has increased markedly over the last 60 years. However, current levels of their usage and disposal generate several environmental problems. Around 4 per cent of world oil and gas productio...
Biodegradable plastics are those that can be completely degraded in landfills, composters or sewage treatment plants by the action of naturally occurring micro-organisms. Truly biodegradable plastics leave no toxic, visible or distinguishable residues following degradation. Their biodegradability contrasts sharply with most petroleum-based plastics, which are essentially indestructible in a bio...
1 Definition of bioplastics The two main groups of bioplastics are biobased polymers and biodegradable plastics. Biobased polymers are derived from biomass sources, which are not necessarily biodegradable. Biodegradable plastics, on the other hand, can be either made of natural or fossil sources. In 2012, the IUPAC recommended a terminology for biorelated polymers [1, 2]. Two further, special c...
Plastics collection poses a quandary: if one wishes the easiest collection, the citizen must be given very simple instructions as to what plastics to set out; if the maxi mum collection of the many recyclable plastics is desired, one must accept mixed plastics. In either case, process ing is necessary: in the first, to control contamination; in the second to separate the polymers. Many sophis...
Plastics debris in the marine environment, including resin pellets, fragments and microscopic plastic fragments, contain organic contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides (2,2'-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane, hexachlorinated hexanes), polybrominated diphenylethers, alkylphenols and bis...
Plastic debris litters marine and terrestrial habitats worldwide. It is ingested by numerous species of animals, causing deleterious physical effects. High concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants have also been measured on plastic debris collected from the environment, but the fate of these contaminants is poorly understood. Here, we examine the uptake and subsequent release of phena...
With the increasing attention on developing a low-carbon economy, it is necessary to seek appropriate ways on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through innovative municipal solid waste management (MSWM), such as urban symbiosis. However, quantitative assessments on the environmental benefits of urban symbiosis, especially in developing countries, are limited because only a limited number ...
Plastics are increasingly a preferred material choice in designing and developing complex, consumer products, such as automobiles, because they are mouldable, lightweight, and are often perceived to be highly recyclable materials. However, actually recycling the heterogeneous plastics used in such durable items is challenging, and presents very different scenarios to how simple products, such a...
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