Models of elections tend to predict that parties will maximize votes by converging to an electoral center. There is no empirical support for this prediction. In order to account for the phenomenon of political divergence, this paper offers a stochastic electoral model where party leaders or candidates are differentiated by differing valences—the electoral perception of the quality of the party ...

1. People who responded to the study remained committed to being an activist over the 3 months, but their actual participation in peace activism declined from April to May and from May to June. 2. Activism was associated with (a) egalitarian values, (b) membership in organized peace groups, (c) a focus on the successes and effectiveness of the peace movement, and (d) affiliation with political ...

Understandings of time have long formed a fundamental part political ideologies and served to structure action. The articles in this special issue the European Review History explore different ways which groups activists drawn on, experienced or projected understandings Europe second half twentieth century, often contexts shaped by substantial upheaval uncertainty. This introduction outlines st...

In the process of democratization in a state, position university students is decisive. Every student must be responsible to society, able see what happening and provide best solutions societal problems as well being mouthpiece from common people government, nation state. addition developing their cognitive abilitie0s, are required participate actively everything that social nature foster spiri...

Although political participation can take many different forms within a democratic regime, there is no doubt that in one way or another the notion is central to the very idea of a democracy. It is difficult to find a piece of research reported in contemporary journals of political science that does not purport to describe some form of political participation: studies of the voter, the party act...