this qualitative study presents women’s perceptions of domestic violence and their coping strategies based on self-narratives collected from a small sample in iran. by limiting women’s access to life opportunities, domestic violence is a major obstacle to social, economic, and political equity and by extension to development. violence against women goes beyond being a personal or a private issu...

This paper studies the political and social impacts of increased education by utilizing a randomized girls' merit scholarship programme in Kenya that raised test scores and secondary schooling. Consistent with the view that education empowers the disadvantaged to challenge authority, we find that the programme reduced the acceptance of domestic violence and political authority. Young women in p...

Do elections cause violence? Some scholars point to higher levels of unrest around elections, especially in developing countries, to assert that elections cause political violence. We develop a formal model to demonstrate that this conclusion is unfounded. In our baseline model, violence is more effective in electoral periods, leading to a spike in fighting surrounding elections. However, the p...

Protracted conflict and violence in Burma have been conducive to the growth of the opium industry, Burma's single financial success in recent years of economic crisis and authoritarian rule. This in turn has fed violence and subsequent humanitarian crisis. This paper argues that the underlying political economy of the conflict has been overlooked, while conflict itself has been treated as a per...

I develop a theory of political conflict in the shadow of violence in light of various domestic and international crisis situations ranging from transitional, revolutionary, and anti-colonial conflicts to internationalization of such conflicts. This theory is particularly concerned with the nature and the timing of political stabilization processes with respect to the military capabilities, ins...

in spite of the fact that there is no mentionable consensus about the definition of terrorism, killing of innocents and committing acts that resulting to popular fear and panic has been criminalized in the law systems. in the islamic criminal policy, to rely on the terror, causing fear and panic and negation of the public comfort, has been criminalized and has been responds with the severe puni...

In this paper we develop and test an encompassing theoretical framework for the explanation of the geographical and temporal spread of extreme right violence. This framework combines internal precipitating factors related to ethnic competition, social disintegration, and political opportunity structures, which make certain localities more prone to exhibit ethnic violence, with diffusion variabl...

Although relations between political violence and child adjustment are well documented, longitudinal research is needed to adequately address the many questions remaining about the contexts and developmental trajectories underlying the effects on children in areas of political violence. The study examined the relations between sectarian and nonsectarian community violence and adolescent adjustm...

Moving beyond simply documenting that political violence negatively impacts children, we tested a social-ecological hypothesis for relations between political violence and child outcomes. Participants were 700 mother-child (M = 12.1 years, SD = 1.8) dyads from 18 working-class, socially deprived areas in Belfast, Northern Ireland, including single- and two-parent families. Sectarian community v...

This paper seeks to understand the dynamics of post-conflict/post-major political transition violence in cities. It examines the transformation of violence in these cities from violence associated with protracted warfare and prolonged civil strife into new forms. The paper argues that post-conflict societies in general and cities in particular do not move from conflict and war into peace and no...