Most Hebrew Bible scholars believe that Israelite religion evolved from polytheism to monotheism, an evolution in which the biblical writers participated. The dominant version of this consensus is that this religious evolution culminated by the end of the exile or shortly thereafter. A minority perspective places the evolutionary end point later. At issue is the presence of the language of divi...

Tim Whitmarsh, Cambridge, UK Were the atheoi atheists? Religious scepticism and Greek polytheism It is a truism that there are few exact ancient equivalents to the modern atheist, who denies all and any possible supernatural power. To reach that position, one has to have both a rigid, identifiable line of differentiation between the natural and the supernatural, and a more or less coherent conc...

The purpose of the present paper consists two points. First, it is to show how internal structure and “inner logic” science as a value sphere are formed in Max Weber’s theory. Then, relying on logical-methodological foundations proposed by Weber, second point identify action carried out scientists “vocation” mode situation “value polytheism” realized within science. Analyzing content recent dis...

This article explores the meaning of root k-f-r in Quran, questioning practice translating noun kāfir as “infidel.” It argues for a distinction between idiomatic phrasal verb kafara bi-, which does mean to reject or disbelieve, and simple intransitive its deverbal nouns, are used Quran large number different ways. polysemy is explored through contextual readings passages. argued that kāfir, unl...

The existential security hypothesis predicts that in the absence of more successful secular institutions, people will be attracted to religion when they are materially insecure. Most assessments, however, employ data sampled at a state-level with focus on world religions. Using individual-level collected societies varied community sizes diverse religious traditions including animism, shamanism,...

The outbreak of the pandemic COVID-19 in Malaysia started March 2020. has not only affected Muslims well-being terms socio-economic, emotional, and mental health, but it also challenged their theological understandings, specifically relating to issue Qada' Qadar Human Freedom Will. Consequently, some refused observe government order contain spread accused observant committing polytheism. To cla...