Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been recognised as presenting great difficulties to our management of what is increasingly a treatable neurological disease. Here we review some basic and clinical aspects of primary progressive MS, and describe how the disorder in fact offers powerful insights and opportunities for better understanding multiple sclerosis, and from a practica...

a 63-year-old woman suffering from progressive systemic sclerosis for about 20 years disclosed symptoms of liver disease within the last three years. diagnosis of biliary cirrhosis was established on the basis of clinical picture, pathological examination of the hepatic tissue sample, immunological tests, and x-ray studies. association of systemic sclerosis with primary biliary cirrhosis is bri...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, with unknown etiology in which both genetic and environmental factors are thought to be involved. the human leukocyte antigen (hla) system provides a set of genetic markers which lend themselves to systematic study. in iran, hla-a24, hla-dr2, and hla- dr15 are significantly increased in ms patients. the disease al...

MS affects about one million people worldwide and causes physical and cognitive disability. There are three types of MS: relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive and primary progressive, that differ in the dynamical patterns of disease progression. There are as yet no known cures for MS. Patients with relapsing MS are currently treated with drugs that exert immunomodulatory effects and slow t...

PURPOSE To determine whether the MR appearance of the spinal cord in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) differs according to clinical subtype. METHODS The spinal cords of 20 healthy control subjects and 60 patients with MS (22 with relapsing-remitting disease, 22 with secondary-progressive disease, and 16 with primary-progressive disease) were examined with sagittal dual-echo spin-echo MR ...

conclusions corticosteroid pulse therapy in spms was effective in inflammatory process, but could not postpone or decline the neurodegenerative process and besides the imposing side effects could not result in significant improvement in edss and mri plaques number in long term. patients and methods a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 71 patients with spms referr...

We have previously described the occurrence of multiple sclerosis (MS) to be associated with human endogenous retroviruses, specifically the X-linked viral locus HERV-Fc1. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association of the HERV-Fc1 locus with subtypes of MS. MS patients are generally subdivided into three categories: Remitting/Relapsing and Secondary Progressive, which toget...

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by myelin loss, axonal pathology and progressive neurodegeneration [1]. Disease starts in 85% of cases with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), a first (sub)acute neurological event with demyelination. Different clinical subtypes of MS exist, with 85-90% of patients experiencing relapsingre...