A simple, heuristic formula with parallels to the Drake Equation is introduced to help focus discussion on open questions for the origins of life in a planetary context. This approach indicates a number of areas where quantitative progress can be made on parameter estimation for determining origins of life probabilities, based on constraints from Bayesian approaches. We discuss a variety of "mi...

It is sometimes assumed that the rapidity of biogenesis on Earth suggests that life is common in the Universe. Here we critically examine the assumptions inherent in this if-life-evolved-rapidly-life-must-be-common argument. We use the observational constraints on the rapidity of biogenesis on Earth to infer the probability of biogenesis on terrestrial planets with the same unknown probability ...

Measuring is the quantification of ordering. Thus the process of ordering elements of a set is a more fundamental activity than measuring. Order theory, also known as lattice theory, provides a firm foundation on which to build measure theory. The result is a set of new insights that cast probability theory and information theory in a new light, while simultaneously opening the door to a better...

although most parts of iran is free of malaria owing to appreciable struggle against this disease by the ministry of public health, in every case of fever of unknown origin (fuo) possibility of malaria should not be neglected. unjustified administration of antibiotics can delay the diagnosis because of diminishing effect in number of malaria parasites in peripheral blood. for this reason freque...

pedigree information of iranian holstein dairy cattle, collected via animal breeding centre of iran from 1971 to 2007, were utilized to describe the reasons for the increasing inbreed coefficient. inbreeding coefficient (f) and pedigree completeness (pci) of all the available cattle were found out using a pedigree structure of 883713 animals. the herds with pci of above 0.85 were picked out and...