Line spectrum pairs (LSPs) are the roots (located in the complex-frequency or -plane) of symmetric and antisymmetric polynomials synthesized using a linear prediction (LPC) polynomial. The angles of these roots, known as line-spectral frequencies (LSFs), implicitly represent the LPC polynomial and hence the spectral envelope of the underlying signal. By exploiting the duality between the time a...

One of the generalizations of the Wiener number to weighted graphs is to assign probabilities to edges, meaning that in nonstatic conditions the edge is present only with some probability. The Reliability Wiener number is defined as the sum of reliabilities among pairs of vertices, where the reliability of a pair is the reliability of the most reliable path. Closed expressions are derived for t...

We discuss several features of coherent choice functions – where the admissible options in a decision problem are exactly those which maximize expected utility for some probability/utility pair in fixed set S of probability/utility pairs. In this paper we consider, primarily, normal form decision problems under uncertainty – where only the probability component of S is indeterminate. Coherent c...

It is pointed out that there are now known four very close pairs of QSOs with separations < 5 arcsec and very different redshifts. Several estimates indicates that the probability that they are accidental configurations are small; a conservative estimate of the probability to have four such pairs by random projection yields 3.5 × 10−3. We conclude either that this is further evidence that QSOs ...

(where E[·] denotes expectation), or, equivalently, as the difference between the probability that the two X,Y –pairs are concordant and the probability that the two X,Y –pairs are discordant. A pair of X,Y –pairs is said to be concordant if the larger X–value is paired with the larger Y –value, and is said to be discordant if the larger X–value is paired with the smaller Y –value. Somers’ D of...

Phrase translation pairs are very useful for bilingual lexicography, machine translation system, crosslingual information retrieval and many applications in natural language processing. Phrase translation pairs are always extracted from bilingual sentence pairs. In this paper, we extract phrase translation pairs based on word alignment results of Chinese-English bilingual sentence pairs and par...

Parentage analysis in natural populations presents a valuable yet unique challenge because of large numbers of pairwise comparisons, marker set limitations and few sampled true parent-offspring pairs. These limitations can result in the incorrect assignment of false parent-offspring pairs that share alleles across multi-locus genotypes by chance alone. I first define a probability, Pr(δ), to es...

 The foreign exchange market (FX market) accounts for 40% of the total volume of the world’s e-commerce by its own. Based on statistics, sometimes up to 90 per cent of the traders lose their total capital in this market just within six months to one year and leave this market. The probability of loss in the FX market can be estimated by probability theory. The present paper intends to demonst...