The amount of cognitive effort required to process a word has been argued to depend on the word’s effect on the uncertainty about the incoming sentence, as quantified by the entropy over sentence probabilities. The current paper tests this hypothesis more thoroughly than has been done before by using recurrent neural networks for entropy-reduction estimation. A comparison between these estimate...

This study investigated processing effort by measuring peoples' pupil diameter as they listened to sentences containing a temporary syntactic ambiguity. In the first experiment, we manipulated prosody. The results showed that when prosodic structure conflicted with syntactic structure, pupil diameter reliably increased. In the second experiment, we manipulated both prosody and visual context. T...

so far, various romanization schemes have been proposed for capturing persian text using latin alphabet. however, each have served a very specific and yet limited function. this paper proposes an extended romanization scheme that can facilitate a wide range of encoding needed in the field of natural language processing. the proposed scheme endeavors to preserve both orthographic and phonologica...

The roles and effects of changes in syntax on comprehension and processing effort, and the relationships between these two, comprise a large and separate field of inquiry, with the general belief now in place that such changes and variations bring about varied psycholinguistic and discursive implications for comprehension, manifesting themselves differently in different genres.The current study...

It is ecologically adaptive that the amount of effort invested to achieve a reward increases the relevance of the resulting outcome. Here, we investigated the effect of effort on activity in reward and loss processing brain areas by using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In total, 28 subjects were endowed with monetary rewards of randomly varying magnitude after performing arithmetic calc...