Problem, research strategy, and findings Here we illuminate the often overlooked, yet pernicious impacts of corruption in planning. We used a sequential mixed-methods approach, inclusive survey 82 planning practitioners Ghana semistructured interviews with 17 these respondents, to investigate planners’ experiences corruption. found that incentives for corrupt behaviors, structured by particular...

the passenger line planning is a process of strategic long-term decision-making problem in the field of railway passenger planning. a line is a route between starting point and destination with certain stops, which has a certain frequency of train schedule. a new solution based on decomposition algorithm has been proposed in this paper, which is defined in a master problem and two sub problems....

Providing a plan for any corporate or firm at macro level, as an organization or enterprise resource planning has particular importance nowadays. To meet the enterprise resource planning needs applications software packages provide a set of uniform pre-prepared and pre-designed that covers all business process throughout an organization. To achieve maximum efficiency in the implementation of th...

Reformulation of a problem is intended to make the problem more amenable to efficient solution. This is equally true in the special case of reformulating a planning problem. This paper considers various ways in which reformulation can be exploited in planning.