Abstract A theoretical study is developed to examine the feasibility of using cooling tower and coil with direct evaporative cooler in highest summer temperature Karbala/Iraq. This due inability reducing outside air efficiency reduction mechanical vapor compression systems despite its high electrical energy consumption at temperatures. The water cooled a higher than outdoor wet-bulb by (3.9 $$^...

Thermoeconomic diagnosis of refrigeration systems is a pioneering approach to the diagnosis of malfunctions, which has been recently proven to achieve good performances for the detection of specific faults. Being an exergy-based diagnostic technique, its performance is influenced by the trends of exergy functions in the “design” and “abnormal” conditions. In this paper the sensitivity of perfor...

Osmotic and turgor adjustment in roots, shoots, and whole sporophytes of a NaCI-tolerant mutant and a NaCI-sensitive wildtype strain of the fern Ceratopteris richardii Brongn. were charactenzed following exposure to 60 millimolar NaCI, using a psychrometric approach to pressure-volume analysis. Water potential components of whole plants and shoots at full or ambient hydration were similar betwe...

Stem thermocouple hygrometers were subjected to transient and stable thermal gradients while in contact with reference solutions of NaCl. Both dew point and psychrometric voltages were directly related to zero offset voltages, the latter reflecting the size of the thermal gradient. Although slopes were affected by absolute temperature, they were not affected by water potential. One hygrometer r...

This paper is attempt to utilize the solar radiation in a dryer for saving day-light, energy, and environment. Solar was designed based on thermal analysis heat transfer equations, then it constructed tested Thailand (on latitude 14 ° N. longitude of 100 E). The main three stages were carried out order test performance. Initially, energy consumption data recorded from 8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m., witho...