The uncertainty factor concept is integrated into health risk assessments for all aspects of public health practice, including by most organizations that derive occupational exposure limits. The use of uncertainty factors is predicated on the assumption that a sufficient reduction in exposure from those at the boundary for the onset of adverse effects will yield a safe exposure level for at lea...

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a public health problem. The lack of information about the seroprevalence and risk factors is an obstacle for preventive public health plans to reduce the burden of viral hepatitis. Therefore, this study was conducted in Iraq, where no studies had been performed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of HBV infection. Methods: Blood sample...

Many intrinsically related determinants of health and disease exist, including social and economic status, education, employment, housing, and physical and environmental exposures. These factors interact to cumulatively affect health and disease burden of individuals and populations, and to establish health inequities and disparities across and within countries. Biomedical models of health care...

The health effects of asbestos have become a cause of serious concern in recent years. It has been estimated that from 1940 to 1979, in the United States alone, 27,500,000 individuals were exposed to this mineral at work. Recognition of the diseases caused by asbestos exposure has led manufacturers to reduce exposure in a variety of ways, such as by using alternative materials and by institutin...

INTRODUCTION Despite progress in scaling up antiretroviral treatment, HIV prevention strategies have not been successful in significantly curbing HIV incidence in Latin America. HIV prevention interventions need to be expanded to target the most affected key populations with a combination approach, including new high impact technologies. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended as ad...

Nurses comprise the largest health professional group in terms of number, and they can be found in almost every health care setting, including homes, schools, work sites, and hospitals. To a large extent, nurses have always been aware of environmental factors when doing their job, but the definition of environmental health nursing is being expanded. Today, in addition to considering the possibi...

Objective The health effects of asbestos have become a cause of serious concern in recent years. It has been estimated that from 1940 to 1979, in the United States alone, 27,500,OOO individuals were. exposed to this mineral at work. Recognition of the diseases caused by asbestos exposure has led manufacturers to reduce exposure in a variety of ways, such as by using alternative materials and by...

noise is one of the major hazardous occupational exposures and one of the occupations at risk is the transportation industry. however, few studies have measured and reported the amount of noise exposure in drivers. in this study, we evaluated noise exposure among the public transportation bus drivers of one major iranian city, kerman, southeast iran. eighty public transportation buses in the st...

EMBO reports (ER): The mission of the National Institute of Environmental Health Services is investigating the health risks of environmental chemicals and pollutants. There’s a whole zoo of compounds such as DDT, lead, tobacco smoke and many other pollutants that have eventually been banned or regulated after research demonstrated their health hazards. What do you think is now the most importan...