Radioactive components of the interstellar medium provide an entirely-different and new aspect to studies medium. Injected from sources nucleosynthesis, unstable nuclei decay along their trajectories. Measurements can occur through characteristic gamma rays that are emitted with decay, or in cosmic material samples abundances parent daughter isotopes as they change decay. The dynamics flows wit...

In this paper, using concepts from the nonstandard physical world, the linear effect line element is derived. Previously, this line element was employed to obtain, with the exception of radioactive decay, various experimentally verified special theory relativistic alterations in physical measures. This line element is now used to derive, by means of separation of variables, an expression that p...

The mathematical expressions presented in this chapter are generally applicable to all those processes in which the transition of the parent nucleus to a daughter nucleus , i.e. the process of radioactive decay, is governed by statistical chance. This chance of decay is equivalent to the degree of instability of the parent nucleus. Each radioactive nuclide has its specific degree of instability...

Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) found in liquid wastes from hydraulic fracturing are an emerging environmental health concern. The heavily drilled Marcellus Shale, for example, contains isotopes of radium, polonium, and lead. However, the few studies that have focused on NORM in fracking wastewater (produced fluids) have reported on a single element—radium. In this issue of EHP...

Half-lives of radionuclides span more than 50 orders of magnitude. We characterize the probability distribution of this broad-range data set at the same time that we explore a method for fitting power laws and testing goodness-of-fit. It is found that the procedure proposed recently by Clauset et al. [SIAM Rev. 51, 661 (2009)] does not perform well as it rejects the power-law hypothesis even fo...