About a half century ago, in 1965, Warner proposed the randomized response method as a survey technique to reduce potential bias due to nonresponse and social desirability when asking questions about sensitive behaviors and beliefs. This method asks respondents to use a randomization device, such as a coin flip, whose outcome is unobserved by the interviewer. By introducing random noise, the me...

The randomized response (RR) technique is often used to obtain answers on sensitive questions. A new method is developed to measure latent variables using the RR technique because direct questioning leads to biased results. Within the RR technique is the probability of the true response modeled by an item response theory (IRT) model. The RR technique links the observed item response with the tr...

gas sensitive metal oxide layers used in fabrication of resistive gas sensors are prepared by different deposition techniques. the technical data reported on some basic and practically important specifications of these devices, although fabricated based on the same gas sensitive oxide, are anomalously different. the influence of the fabrication technique used for the deposition of the gas sensi...

Due to its sensitive nature, tax compliance is difficult to study empirically, and valid information on tax evasion is rare. More specifically, when directly asked on surveys, respondents are likely to underreport their evasion behavior. Such invalid responses not only bias prevalence estimates but may also obscure associations with individual predictors. To generate more valid estimates of tax...

An experimental CATI-survey (N=2041), asking sensitive questions about xenophobia and anti-Semitism in Germany, was conducted to compare the randomized response technique (RRT) and the direct questioning technique. Unlike the vast majority of RRT surveys measuring the prevalence of socially undesirable behaviors, only few studies have explored the effectiveness of the RRT with respect to the di...

BACKGROUND Traditional survey methods may cause refusals to respond or untruthful replies when encounter the sensitive questions. The Randomized Response Technique (RRT) is designed to decrease social desirability bias and obtain reliable estimates. This study aimed to apply these new methods on the sensitive questions survey. METHODS Simmons model was applied in the survey of issues relevant...

in this paper, size distribution of nano-bubbles was measured by the reliable and fast method of laserdiffraction technique. nano-bubbles were produced using a nano-bubble generator designed and madebased on hydrodynamic cavitation phenomenon in venturi tubes. a central composite design withresponse surface methodology was used to conduct a five factor, five level factorial experimental designo...