Energy consumption has become a major design constraint in modern computing systems. With the advent of peta ops architectures, power efficient software stacks have become imperative for scalability. Modern processors provide techniques, such as dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS), to improve energy efficiency on-the-fly. Without careful application, however, DVFS and throttling may ca...

Integrin-mediated cell adhesion and signaling is of critical importance for neuronal differentiation. Recent evidence suggests that an "inside-out" activation of β1-integrin, similar to that observed in hematopoietic cells, contributes to the growth and branching of dendrites. In this study, we investigated the role of the hematopoietic adaptor protein adhesion and degranulation promoting adapt...

Antigen-specific adhesion between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC) during the formation of the immunological synapse (IS) is mediated by LFA-1 and ICAM-1. Here, LFA-1-ICAM-1 interactions were measured at the single-molecule level on supported lipid bilayers. High-affinity binding was detected at low frequencies in the inner peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (SMAC) zone that...

It has been a common myth that x86-64 processors suffer in terms of energy efficiency because of their complex instruction set. In this paper, we aim to investigate whether this myth holds true, and determine the power consumption of the instruction decoders of an x86-64 processor. To that end, we design a set of microbenchmarks that specifically trigger the instruction decoders by exceeding th...

T cells use integrins in essentially all of their functions. They use integrins to migrate in and out of lymph nodes and, following infection, to migrate into other tissues. At the beginning of an immune response, integrins also participate in the immunological synapse formed between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Because the ligands for integrins are widely expressed, integrin activity ...