The phenomenon of health care professionals labeling patients as “difficult” is not limited to psychiatric settings and literature. In the broader medical literature, patients have been described in similar terms as “hateful” [3] or “heartsink” [4]. The description of this phenomenon in different health care settings during decades of practice and as explored in the health professions literatur...

People often draw inferences about the same mechanical situation using distinct reasoning methods. When reasoning about chains of gears, for example, people may simulate the motions of successive gears, or they may use a simple odd/even rule. We consider psychological and computational evidence as to when and why people use different reasoning methods to draw inferences about mechanical situati...

The Management Competencies for Preventing and Reducing Stress at Work framework represents one of the few tailored models of leadership for work stress prevention purposes, but it has never been empirically evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether supervisors' stress-preventive management competencies, as measured by the Stress Management Competencies Indicator Tool (SMCIT),...

Most contemporary clinical reasoning tests typically assess non-automatic thinking. Therefore, a test is needed to measure automatic reasoning or pattern recognition, which has been largely neglected in clinical reasoning tests. The Puzzle Test (PT) is dedicated to assess automatic clinical reasoning in routine situations. This test has been introduced first in 2009 by Monajemi et al in the Oly...