Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) play crucial roles in host innate immune response against microbial infections. These receptors share a conserved cytoplasmic domain, the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which is required for signaling through these receptors. Structural information on the TIR domains will be essential for understanding the molecular basis ...

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE The inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta has been considered to be an immune effector molecule in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. As such, we examined its role on chemokine receptors which, when expressed in the pancreas, have also been associated with the development of type I autoimmune diabetes. DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The presence of membrane and cyt...

The cytokine channel’s mechanism for self-regulation involves the application of antagonistic cytokines that are synthesized to connect receptors and release soluble receptors. very first receptor antagonist was naturally present interleukin-1 (IL-1Ra). IL-1Ra protein forms disinfected from supernatants cultured monocytes on stacked IgG. family IL-1 consists IL-1α, IL-1β IL-1Ra. Human regulate ...

Previously we demonstrated that viral-mediated increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus significantly reduces blood pressure in normal rats made hypertensive by infusion of angiotensin II. However, the exact cellular locus of this interleukin-10 action within the paraventricular nucleus is unknown. In the presen...

The cytokines Interleukin (IL)-11 and IL-6 are important mediators that regulate differentiation and proliferation of immune cells. Both cytokines bind to unique non-signaling α-receptors (IL-11R and IL-6R, respectively), and the resulting cytokine/cytokine receptor complexes recruit a homodimer of the signal-transducing β-receptor glycoprotein (gp)130. Gp130 is expressed ubiquitously, whereas ...