Introduction The present work describes a study in which, based on patient dose measurements, thermoluminescent dosimeters were used to obtain the diagnostic reference level arising from panoramic radiography. Materials and Methods Ten panoramic units and a sample of 15 patients per X-ray unit were studied. Two thermoluminescent dosimeter chips were placed on the skin surface of selected organs...

In addition to the efficiency scores, Data Envelopment Analysis also provides the inefficient DMUs with information on reference units which lie on the efficient frontier. Reference units are traditionally found by projecting the inefficient DMUs radially to the efficient surface. However, there may exist some other efficient solutions, which are better targets. This means that it is possible t...

The Lf-unit, which is used in the control of diphtheria and tetanus toxoid production and in some countries also to follow immunization of horses for production of antitoxins, has hitherto been defined by means of antitoxin preparations. A diphtheria toxoid and a tetanus toxoid preparation, both freeze-dried, were examined in an international collaborative study for their suitability to serve a...