introduction according to the shortage of water resources in the world, it seems necessary the use of refined water, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas such as iran. the correct treatment, management and the control of refining process needs to investigate effective parameters in this process precisely. therefore, because of the uncertainty and complexity in refining qualitative parameter...

Introduction: Disposal of the wastewater produced in the paper and paperboard industry without the refining process can add substances to the environment, which are harmful to humans, environment, and other organisms. With regard to process efficiency, the current methods used in wastewater treatment of this industry are economically unjustifiable. Therefore, in this research, the electrolysis ...

One of the most important and toxic heavy metals in wastewater is chromium. Cr (VI) is released from different industrial operations, including metallurgy, leather tanning, paint, textile industries, chemical manufacturing, pulp production, ore and petroleum refining, metal corrosion, electroplating products etc. Hexavalent chromium is toxic, carcinogenic, probably mutagenic and highly soluble....

The present study examines the effects of exposure to oil sands on the early life stages (ELS) of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Sediments within and outside natural oil sand deposits were collected from sites along the Athabasca River (AB, Canada). The ELS toxicity tests were conducted with control water, natural oil sands, reference sediments, and oil-refining wastewater pond sediment...

abstract population increase, limitation of water resources, and increasing volume of municipal wastewater, has caused the necessity of wastewater reuse. application of wastewater on soils seems to be the most economical method of its disposal and by percolating wastewater through the soil, its chemical quality is improved. for this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was carried out with polyethy...

Activated clay minerals have been widely used in the edible oil refining industry for decolorization of crude oil by adsorption, and so far many methods have been used to improve their decolorization efficiency. Herein, we successfully prepared a series of carbon/attapulgite (C/APT) composite adsorbents by a one-step in-situ carbonization process with natural starch (St) as the carbon source. I...

Presented in this paper is a graphical technique for freshwater and wastewater minimisation in completely batch operations. Water minimisation is achieved through the exploitation of inter- and intra-process water reuse and recycle opportunities. In the context of this paper, a completely batch operation is one in which water reuse or recycle can only be effected either at the start or the end ...

Recently, wastewater treatment by photocatalytic oxidation processes with metal oxide nanomaterials and nanocomposites such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, etc. using ultraviolet (UV) and visible light or even solar energy has added massive research importance. This waste removal technique using nanostructured photocatalysts is well known because of its effectiveness in disi...