The Kanizsa illusion1 (Kanizsa, 1955), one of typical subtypes of the illusory contour, is a particularly intriguing phenomenon for considering the dynamics of our visual object perception (Fig.1). It has been stimulating interests of many researchers in this field for the last several decades. As Kanizsa (1955) originally discussed, this illusion is characterized by three distinct phenomenal p...

Reasoning research suggests that people use more stringent criteria when they evaluate others' arguments than when they produce arguments themselves. To demonstrate this "selective laziness," we used a choice blindness manipulation. In two experiments, participants had to produce a series of arguments in response to reasoning problems, and they were then asked to evaluate other people's argumen...

Since the adoption of the WTO-TRIPS Agreement in 1994, there has been significant controversy over the impact of pharmaceutical patent protection on the access to medicines in the developing world. In addition to the market exclusivity provided by patents, the pharmaceutical industry has also sought to further extend their monopolies by advocating the need for additional 'regulatory' protection...

abstractaccording to public choice theory, the features of the tax structure effect on voters' perceptions from the tax burden, so they pay more cost for public goods, lower than the estimate. in this study has been investigated the relationship between tax and public expenditures in the iranian economy during 1360-1390 based on public choice theory to examine the level of government spend...