One upstream and two downstream firms are involved in a vertically related industry. Under observable contracts, aware of both their own rival's input prices. However, under an unobservable contract, only know price unaware rival’s price. We demonstrate vertical separation integration the contracts. focus on methods: linear tariffs two-part tariffs. With asymmetric costs contracts increases con...

This paper explores the link between boundedly rational behavior and incomplete contracts. The bounded rationality of the agents in our world is embodied in a constraint that the contracts they write must be algorithmic in nature. We start with a definition of contract incompleteness that seems both appealing and widely applicable. Our first task is then to show that, by itself, the algorithmic...

Electronic contracts (e-contracts) create obligations, permissions, and prohibitions for the parties in the Internet. However, the support to interpret and enforce the clauses related to contracts is limited in current implementations. Besides, e-contracts must follow the continuous change of business rules. The service provider must make available the services that enable the parties to satisf...

the kind of contracts of government and public organisations that relates public affaires, that named public or administrative contracts , are very important to fulfil legal duties of government, and public contracts are new forms of providing public welfare, and management of public services, that are based on consenting instead of being authoritarian, but had been studied less in iran law bec...

In this paper we develop methods to investigate the efficiency of alternative contracts for Carbon (C) sequestration in cropland soils, taking into account the spatial heterogeneity of agricultural production systems and the costs of implementing more efficient contracts. We describe contracts being proposed for implementation in the United States and other countries that would pay farmers for ...

We sought to portray how collective bargaining contracts promote public health, beyond their known effect on individual, family, and community well-being. In November 2014, we created an abstraction tool to identify health-related elements in 16 union contracts from industries in the Pacific Northwest. After enumerating the contract-protected benefits and working conditions, we interviewed unio...

In the literature of supply chain management (SCM), the traditional approach to balance supply and demand is to design bilateral supply contracts in order to provide mutual benefits to both sellers and buyers. The commonly used contract parameters include decision rights, pricing, minimum purchase commitments, quantity flexibility, buyback or returns policies, allocation rules, lead time, and q...

The STD experiments in Guatemala from 1946-1948 have earned a place of infamy in the history of medical ethics. But if the Guatemala STD experiments were so "ethically impossible," how did the U.S. government approve their funding? Although much of the literature has targeted the failings of Dr. John Cutler, we focus on the institutional context and research ethos that shaped the outcome of the...

Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly ...