We propose a theoretical framework to study the determinants of ethnic and religious identity along two distinct motivational processes: cultural distinction and cultural conformity. Under cultural conformity, ethnic identity is reduced by neighborhood integration, which weakens group loyalties and prejudices. On the contrary, under cultural distinction, ethnic minorities are more motivated in ...

jezyah had been part of the tax system imposed on religious minorities. from the very first days of its introduction to islam, it was addressed to as demeaning and humiliating towards religious minorities. the abolition of many laws concerning religious minorities was the result of some developments in iran, especially in foreign relationships during the qajar era. jezyah is a prominent example...

One of the established trends in religion and international relations (IR) scholarship is awareness a rising level religious discrimination against minorities. Although there variation rates, restrictions are widely observed across globe, including Western democracies. Scholarship on practices has advanced through seeking answers to following questions: Who discriminates? discriminated more? Wh...

This paper focuses on the conflicts that arise in relation to “the place” of religious symbols in the public sphere, and, specifically, in State schools. Such conflicts, I believe, do not only reflect most of the dilemmas that liberal democracies face in the attempt to reconcile constitutionalism and religion through adherence to secularism in the public place—they actually challenge the very l...

Freedom of religion and conscience is regarded among one of the human rights in international documents signed or declared after the World War II. In this paper I investigate from a legal perspective whether the freedom of religion and conscience and religious minority rights that Alevis enjoy in Turkey are in line with the standards in relevant international documents. Therefore I firstly exam...

multi-ethnic texture or existence of the ethnic-religious minorities is one of the main structural elements of states all over the world. consequently, we are sometimes informed about ethnic tensions and violence around the globe. a study in 2002 indicates that approximately 125 wars were occurred from world war ii to 1997 of which 80 ones have been related to ethnic and religious disputes in a...

The current secular models are putting strain on religious diversity in the context of workplace. With growing European societies and visible expression beliefs behaviors, tensions have arisen linked to rise xenophobia. scientific literature shows that minorities discriminated workplace, especially Muslim women wear Islamic veils. Nonetheless, people pertaining these agency, they can overcome t...