conclusions baseline characteristics can inform who is at higher risk of renal disease mortality over the next 25 years. race, age, drinking, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes at baseline can all inform programs to reduce burden of kidney disease. results in multivariable model, race, age, drinking, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes at baseline predicted deaths due to renal disease. gender,...

conclusions we conclude that a significant percentage of esrd patients undergoing maintenance hd have severe or very severe rls symptoms. the presence of rls is associated to longer durations of dialysis. results of the 139 hd patients enrolled in this study, 60 were female (43.2%) and 79 were male (56.8%), with a mean age of 51.82 ± 13.31 years. the prevalence of rls was 15.8% (22 patients), w...

fasting during the month of ramadan is one of the five pillars of islam. during this month, adult muslims are obligated to refrain from eating and drinking from dawn to dusk. although based on islamic principles patients are exempted from fasting, each year, and many muslim patients express their willingness to observe the fast in ramadan month to respect the cultural customs. there are concern...

The patients with renal diseases, especially end-stage renal disease (ESRD), are at high risk of developing cardiovascular disturbances. Some hormones such as brain natriuretic peptide appear to be important serum biomarkers in predicting cardiac death in ESRD patients. Renal diseases cause inflammation, anemia, uremic toxins, fluid overload, and electrolyte disturbance. Kidney transplantation ...

Carbohydrates and fats can be given freely to the patient with renal failure, but proteins should be prohibited, and minerals and water greatly restricted. Thiswas the basis of Bull's Infamous regime, a nauseating concoction of olive oil and glucose, which was administered orally or via an intragastric route, and, if it induced vomiting, the vomitus was strained and given again. More palatable ...

Abnormalities of cell number are a frequent feature of renal disorders. Cell death is a key factor in the regulation of cell number. Apoptosis is an active form of cell death that is modulated by extracellular lethal and survival signals. Regulation of apoptosis also involves a complex system of sensors of the extracellular signals, triggers of the apoptosis program, effectors of apoptosis as w...

The interaction of activated leukocytes and renal resident cells is thought to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of renal diseases. Recent investigations of the pathophysiological roles of chemokines and their cognate receptors have shed light on the detailed molecular mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking and activation in the diseased kidneys. Chemokine/chemokine receptor systems may be e...

Recent progress is reviewed in the diagnostic enzymology of renal dis­ eases. Enzyme determinations in blood serum are of little value. Activity increases during hemodialysis are most likely due to fluid redistribution. Enzymes are transported from the interstitium via the lymph into the intravasal space where they accumulate. Determination in the urine of enzymes of the brushborder of the prox...