This paper considers the survivability requirement for production operating systems that underlie typical information systems. Since economic incentives give competitive advantages to imperfect and therefore insecure software, it seems inevitable to consider retrofitting some form of security to existing systems. This approach has long been anathema in the security community. We outline the pra...

Traditional building retrofitting planning is a decision making process prior to the building retrofitting investment. Although the long term energy and financial issues of the retrofitting project are considered in some cases, the energy efficiency potentials due to the maintenance and operation of the retrofitted facilities are not sufficiently explored in existing studies. In the broad field...

This paper identifies the dilemma faced by the stakeholders of existing buildings in regards to a decision making process for energy retrofitting. This paper also identifies the missing stage viewed as the “integrity audit “which can lead to substantial savings in the area of building operation. The methodology is centered on identifying energy waste first, reducing the overall peak electrical ...

Given the current situation in which energy efficiency is considered as an important issue and the potential rise of greenhouse gas emissions, this paper analyzes and finds possible ways to improve energy efficiencies in buildings through an evaluation of existing business models and relevant policies. The first phase of analysis includes the selection of the best business model from the existi...

Since the introduction of the Green Mark Scheme in Singapore in January 2005, more than 650 projects have been awarded the Green Mark Award. In fact, from 2008, all new buildings must achieve the mandatory standard of a certified green building. However, the challenge is how to convert the existing stock of buildings in order for them to achieve the green mark standard. This study is motivated ...

In the context of an increasing number of retrofitting projects and greater consideration for the criteria of sustainability, architects and engineers are looking for a global optimization of existing buildings and therefore need to multiply comparisons between different possible variants. In order to structure the approach of this complex process, research carried out with the support of the S...

Maintaining the functionality, productivity, and safety of communities necessitates the seismic reliability of lifeline infrastructure networks. However, assessing the reliability of an infrastructure network is a nontrivial task due to the variability of ground motion and the complexity of the response of the network resulting from that ground motion. Even more challenging is the task of ident...

─This paper presents the retrofitting of beam-column joint using CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and steel plate. This specimen was tested until failure up to 1.0% drift. This joint suffered severe damages and diagonal cracks at upper crack at upper column before retrofitted. CFRP were wrapped at corbel, bottom and top of the column. Steel plates with bonding were attached to the two bea...