Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are huge ion channels that are responsible for the release of Ca2 from the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum. RyRs form homotetramers with a mushroom-like shape, consisting of a large cytoplasmic head and transmembrane stalk. Ca2 is a major physiological ligand that triggers opening of RyRs, but a plethora of modulatory proteins and small molecules in the cytoplasm and sarc...

Ryanodine receptors (RyR) are intracellular calcium (Ca2+) release channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal and cardiac muscles that play a central role in excitation-contraction coupling. Genetic mutations or posttranslational modifications RyR causes hyperactivation channel, leading to various muscle heart diseases. Currently, no specific treatments exist for most RyR-associated Rec...

Membrane depolarization, neurotransmitters, and hormones evoke a release of Ca2+ from intracellular Ca(2+)-storing organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum and, in muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In turn, the released Ca2+ serves to trigger a variety of cellular responses. The presence of Ca2+ pumps to replenish intracellular stores was described more than 20 years ago. The presence o...