BACKGROUND Although the Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation (MOAA/S) is frequently used in sedation-related drug and device studies, a major shortcoming is that it does not differentiate between lighter and deeper levels of general anaesthesia because the only noxious stimulus of the MOAA/S is a trapezius squeeze. The primary aim of this investigation was to expand the MOAA...

Directly-modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are commonly used in short-reach optical interconnect applications. In order to enable efficient optical interconnect transceiver systems operating at data rates in excess of 20Gb/s, cosimulation environments which allow for the optimization of driver circuitry with accurate compact VCSEL models are necessary. This paper presen...

alzheimer's disease (ad) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disorders. memory loss in an alert person and impairment in the function of language, attention, perception, judgment or problem solving can occur in patients with ad. however, there are some medications in order to delay the debilitating aspects of the disease; but unfortunately, scientists could not found approaches to...

Bejan s constructal theory is explored for a paradigm problem in electrical theory, analogue of a wide range of transport problems involving flow subject to a Ohm s Law model. The equi-potential optimisation is derived and generalised to further functional behaviour of resistances. The original case illustrates the power of Bejan s asymptoticintersection method. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All r...

We study the behavior of the random walk on the infinite cluster of independent long range percolation in dimensions d = 1, 2, where x and y are connected with probability ∼ β/‖x − y‖−s. We show that when d < s < 2d the walk is transient, and when s ≥ 2d, the walk is recurrent. The proof of transience is based on a renormalization argument. As a corollary of this renormalization argument, we ge...

Superimposition of electrical stimulation during voluntary contractions is used to produce functional movements in individuals with central nervous system impairment, to evaluate the ability to activate a muscle, to characterize the nature of fatigue, and to improve muscle strength during postsurgical rehabilitation. Currently, the manner in which voluntary contractions and electrically elicite...