Smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is the number of deaths in a population caused by smoking. In this study, the authors examined and empirically quantified the effects of methodological problems in the estimation of SAM through population attributable fraction methods. In addition to exploring common concerns regarding generalizability and residual confounding in relative risks, the authors ...

The Industrial Revolution is arguably one of the most important social phenomena responsible for shaping the modern world. Of course, some historians and economists have long contended that this was or was not a ‘‘revolution’’ in the strictest sense of the word and scholars still debate whether the use of this metaphor is problematic. Most writers agree that this was not an event, but rather a ...

a cross-sectional study with children's and parents' self-completed questionnaires was carried out to evaluate parents' ideas on children's risk-takjng behaviours and children's risky activities after school hours by age (7 and 9 years) and sex. nine elementary schools were randomly selected and 476 puphs aged seven and nine years and 471 parents were studied. most pare...

The role of vegetable consumption in relation to breast cancer risk is controversial. Anticarcinogenic compounds may be present only in specific vegetables, thereby attenuating findings for total vegetable intake. Cruciferous vegetables contain precursors of isothiocyanates (ITCs), which may be chemopreventive through potent inhibition of phase I, and induction of phase II enzymes, such as glut...

background postoperative relapse is a common feature of crohn's disease (cd) in western countries but its frequency and risk factors have not been studied in the middle east where there is a rapid upsurge in the incidence of cd. this study aims to research the frequency and risk factors of its recurrence after surgery among 566 iranian patients with cd in tehran, iran. methods all 566 patients ...

Abstract The main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between Value at Risk (VaR) and expected returns from 2002 to 2013 in Tehran’s Stock Exchange. In this study parametric value at risk, which considers the distribution of returns as normal and the historical value at risk as abnormal, was used to test the presence of the volatility anomaly in the companies listed i...

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There has been compelling signs of the great potential of building further synergy with academics, researchers, and industry practitioners from the areas of Modeling and Simulation (M&S) managing risk events. This paper provides an introduction to risk management and how M&S has permeated the risk management process. The trend has been to harness the advantages of M&S tools and techniques in te...