Soil barrenness is an important type of land degradation, which seriously restricts the food security and sustainable development agriculture in my country. This paper analyzes status quo soil barrenness, its causes trends, treatment measures, research directions order to serve as a reference for barrenness.

BACKGROUND The New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS, voluntary health insurance) and the Medical Financial Assistance (MFA, financial relief program) were established in 2003 for rural China. The aim of this study was to document their coverage, assess their effectiveness on access to in-patient care and protection against financial catastrophe and household impoverishment due to health ...

We propose a nonlinear lter for estimating the trajectory of a random walk on a matrix Lie group with constant computational complexity. It is based on a nite-dimensional approximation of the conditional distribution of the state given past measurements via a set of fair samples, which are updated at each step and proven to be consistent with the updated conditional distribution. The algorithm ...

The present study aimed to investigate the households' impoverishment due to the healthcare costs in Shiraz in 2012. In this household's survey, 800 households were studied in Shiraz. The study sample was selected using stratified and cluster sampling in the urban and rural areas, respectively. The information was collected using the household section of the World Health Survey questionnaire. I...

The effect of taxes and benefits on the poor is usually measured using standard poverty and inequality indicators, stochastic dominance tests, and measures of progressivity and horizontal inequity. However, these measures can fail to capture an important aspect: that some of the poor are made poorer (or some of the non-poor made poor) by the tax-benefit system. We call this impoverishment and f...

It is often assumed that some notion of morphological richness plays a central role in the theory of pro-drop: In languages with sufficiently rich verbal φ-feature (person, number, gender) agreement morphology, pronominal arguments can (and, in some contexts, must) remain without phonological realization; in languages without such a rich verbal agreement morphology, pronominal arguments must be...

BACKGROUND Poverty is an extreme consequence of out of pocket payments in countries with health systems that do not provide financial risk protection through mandatory health insurance coverage for people in both the formal and informal sectors. The study assessed the determinants of impoverishment due to out of pocket payments in Nigeria. METHODS Secondary data from the Harmonized Nigeria Li...

In this paper, we propose an efficient hybrid Particle Filter (PF) algorithm for video tracking by employing a genetic algorithm to solve the sample impoverishment problem. In the presented method, the object to be tracked is selected by a rectangular window inside which a few numbers of particles are scattered. The particles’ weights are calculated based on the similarity between feature vecto...

The implementation of a particle filter (PF) for vision-based simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAtvI) for a mobile robot in an unstructured indoor environment is presented in this paper. Variations to standard PF are proposed to remedy the sample impoverishment problem in bearing-only SLAM. A CCD camera mounted on the robot is used as the measuring device and image quality is incorporate...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the incidence and describe the profile of catastrophic expenditures and impoverishment due to household out-of-pocket payments, comparing the periods before and after the introduction of universal health care coverage (UC). METHODS Secondary data analyses of socioeconomic surveys on nationally representative households pre-UC in 2000 (n = 24,747) and post-UC in 2002 (n =...