Unreliability is a ubiquitous feature of synaptic transmission in the brain. The information conveyed in the discharges of an ensemble of cells (e.g., in the spike count or in the timing of synchronous events) may not be faithfully transmitted to the postsynaptic cell because a large fraction of the spikes fail to elicit a synaptic response. In addition, short-term depression increases the fail...

Lithofacies are the fundamental geological units for shale oil and gas exploration development, soluble organic matter (SOM) is most similar to crude in composition. Both aspects attract our attention interpretation of SOM different lithofacies, which can provide direct evidence predict “sweet spots”. Here, twenty-five samples were collected from Eocene Shahejie Formation Dongying Sag subjected...

In the persistent photoconductivity (PPC) phenomena, illumination of a material with light leads to a long-lived photoconductive state. During illumination of oxygen deficient YBCO near the insulator–metal transition, the illuminated material may even become superconducting. Accompanying the large relative changes in resistance are transport and structural changes as well as changes in the phot...

We examine a competition between the whistler and Alfvén fire hoses driven by bi-Maxwellian protons with Tp‖ > Tp⊥, where Tp‖ and Tp⊥ are proton temperatures, parallel and perpendicular to the background magnetic field, respectively. We extend the work of Hellinger and Matsumoto [2000] using a two-dimensional hybrid simulation that includes both the instabilities. In the simulation the whistler...

Popular matching and was extensively studied in recent years as an alternative to stable matchings. Both type of matchings are defined in the framework of Stable Marriage (SM) problem: in a given bipartite graph G = (A,B;E) each vertex u has a strict order of preference on its neighborhood. A matching M is popular, if for every matching M ′ of G, the number of vertices that prefer M ′ to M is a...

Many cerebellar learning theories assume that long-term depression (LTD) of synapses between parallel fibres (PFs) and Purkinje cells (PCs) provides the basis for pattern recognition in the cerebellum. Previous work has suggested that PCs can use a novel neural code based on the duration of silent periods. These simulations have used a simplified learning rule, where the synaptic conductance wa...

BACKGROUND The high levels of variation characterising the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule are due ultimately to its high average mutation rate; moreover, mtDNA variation is deeply structured in different populations and ethnic groups. There is growing interest in selecting a reduced number of mtDNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs) that account for the maximum level of discrimination...