In this paper, a two-echelon cooperated routing problem for the ground vehicle (GV) and its carried unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is investigated, where the GV travels on the road network and its UAV travels in areas beyond the road to visit a number of targets unreached by the GV. In contrast to the classical two-echelon routing problem, the UAV has to launch and land on the GV frequently to c...

We consider a two-echelon timber supply chain in which the first echelon consists of several stands to be harvested and the second echelon consists of mills to be procured with logs of different length. This problem aims at minimizing harvesting and transportation costs for one production period, while satisfying demand expressed as mix of volumes of specific log types. Harvesting cost, which i...

We study a two echelon supply chain with AR(1) demand and unit replenishment lead-times. Each echelon of the supply chain uses conditional expectation to generate MMSE forecasts. Both echelons use these forecasts inside the “Order-Up-To” policy to generate replenishment orders. We investigate 3 different scenarios: The first is when each echelon aims to minimize their own inventory holding and ...

The municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal system is the key for building smart city. In MSW system, allocated among plants in first echelon, and then derivatives (incineration residues RDF) are between markets second echelon. two-echelon optimal allocation of two objectives, cost environmental impact, should be considered. Considering uncertainty this paper constructs a grey fuzzy multi-objectiv...

The cervix is the lower aspect of the uterus. It is roughly cylindrical in shape, projects through the superior-anterior vaginal wall, and communicates with the vagina through the endocervical canal, which terminates in the external os located at the top of the vagina. Cancer of the cervix may originate from the mucosa of the surface of the cervix or from within the canal. Carcinoma of the uter...

Current trends in patient care include the desire for minimizing invasiveness of procedures and interventions. This aim is reflected in the increasing utilization of sentinel lymph node biopsy, which results in a lower level of morbidity in breast cancer staging, in comparison to extensive conventional axillary dissection. Optimized lymphoscintigraphy with triangulated body marking is a clinica...

The competitive market and declined economy have increased the relevant importance of making supply chain network efficient. This has created many motivations to reduce the cost of services, and simultaneously, to increase the quality of them. The network as a tri-echelon one consists of Suppliers, Warehouses or Distribution Centers (DCs), and Retailer nodes. To bring the problem closer to real...

Hospitalization data were extracted for Marines wounded in Vietnam from 1965 to 1969 to examine the echelon flow of treatment care for different types of injuries. The inter-echelon movement of each patient who was hospitalized at an echelon II or III facility was tracked until the treatment was completed or until the patient was moved to a facility in the continental United States. Results sho...