We consider several constructions of edge critical 4-chromatic graphs which can be written as the union of a bipartite graph and a matching. In particular we construct such a graph G with each of the following properties: G can be contracted to a given critical 4-chromatic graph; for each n;,: 7, G has n vertices and three matching edges (it is also 8n ) shown that such graphs must have at leas...

Traditional methods of dietary reconstruction do not allow the investigation of dietary variability within the lifetimes of individual hominins. However, laser ablation stable isotope analysis reveals that the delta13C values of Paranthropus robustus individuals often changed seasonally and interannually. These data suggest that Paranthropus was not a dietary specialist and that by about 1.8 mi...

in the present study basal area and importance value index (ivi) attributes of herbage were investigated in chir pine (pinus roxburghii sargent) stands of three different ages and also in open grassland in the sub-tropical region of himachal pradesh (india) during growing season (june to september). a higher basal area of the herbage was recorded in open grassland as compared to chir pine stand...

The role of geography and ecology in speciation are often discussed in the context of phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC), the propensity of lineages to retain ancestral niche related traits. However, a recent paradigm shift focuses instead on measuring divergence of these traits in conjunction with patterns of speciation. Under this framework, we analyzed the diversification of North America...

Members of the family Cyperaceae were surveyed by original observation and from the literature to assess the distribution of C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways in the family. All 107 genera were included in the current sample, with 91 genera assessed as consistently C3 and 11 genera as C4. The genera Abildgaardia, Cyperus, Eleocharis, Fimbristylis, and Rhynchospora are variable for this trait. O...

Field experiment was conducted at Crops Research unit, ICAR- Central Island Institute, Bloomsdale, Port Blair during summer season, 2018. To study the preceding rice herbicide residual effect in control of weeds, growth and yield urdbean rice-bhendi-urdbean sequence under high rainfall area. At 20 DAS, grassy weeds (48.00 weeds/m2) were predominant species followed by sedges broad leaf 29.67 22...

The genus Prolixus (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) was represented by two species from Australian sedges prior to this study. A new species, Prolixus meyerae sp. nov., is here described and illustrated from leaves of Gahnia (Cyperaceae) in Auckland, New Zealand. In this paper, we present the ontogenetic additions in idiosomal and leg chaetotaxy from larva to adult. A key to world species of Prolixus is ...