Animal signals are optimized for particular signaling environments [1-3]. While signaling, senders often choose favorable conditions that ensure reliable detection and transmission [4-8], suggesting that they are sensitive to changes in signal efficacy. Recent evidence has also shown that animals will increase the amplitude or intensity of their acoustic signals at times of increased environmen...

A human balance control model is developed, which includes the different sensory systems as well as neural time delays. The model is based on optimal control theory. Platform perturbation experiments were done to quantify the precision of the different sensory systems by matching model predictions with experimental results. The precision of the sensors was quantified by the variances of sensor ...

It is now well established that signal receivers have a key role in the evolution of animal communication: the suite of sensory and cognitive processes by which animals perceive and learn about their environment can have a significant impact on signal design. A crucial property of these information-processing mechanisms is the emergence of 'receiver bias' in the behavioural responses to signals...