Voltage-dependent L-type Ca(2+) channels play important functional roles in many excitable cells. We present a three-dimensional structure of an L-type Ca(2+) channel. Electron cryomicroscopy in conjunction with single-particle processing was used to determine a 30-A resolution structure of the channel protein. The asymmetrical channel structure consists of two major regions: a heart-shaped reg...

Recently, gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire field effect transistors (NWFETs) have attracted increasing attention due to their superior gate control and short channel effect immunity [1-4]. However, confined by the limitation of manufacturing process, the different aspect ratio (AR) results in different shapes of channel cross section, such as ellipse-shaped or rectangular-shaped instead of the id...

It is important to consider the thermal management of lithium-ion batteries overcome their limitations in usage and improve performance life cycles. In this study, a novel cooling system for battery packs proposed by using an inner cylinder channel different-shaped nanoparticles base fluid, which used as medium. The improvements 20 Ah capacity are compared water–boehmite alumina (AlOOH) nanoflu...

this study seeks to examine how a company can select the best intermediary for its marketing channels with minimum of criteria and time. a theoretical framework is proposed based on the most important tasks of intermediary and the criteria to measure them. there are four basic tasks and thirty criteria in three independent levels. subsequently, an exploratory case study in iranian food industry...

Anthrax toxin is composed of three proteins: a translocase heptameric channel, (PA(63))(7), formed from protective antigen (PA), which allows the other two proteins, lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF), to translocate across a host cell's endosomal membrane, disrupting cellular homeostasis. (PA(63))(7) incorporated into planar phospholipid bilayer membranes forms a channel capable of trans...

spur dike is an important element for protection of river banks. spur dike causes variations in flow field, sediment transport and bed topography. the mechanism of flow and sediment transport in a channel bend is very complex, especially when a spur dike is constructed in a bend. in this paper the time variations of dimension of the scour hole and the bed’s topography were considered around a t...

Stenosis of the common pulmonary venous (PV) channel after Senning's operation for complete transposition of the great arteries is a serious problem, and a method for noninvasive diagnosis is highly desirable. Therefore, our purpose was to devise a method to diagnose PV channel stenosis noninvasively. The newly created common PV channels were measured and the short-axis views of the left ventri...

Objective: In this article, a numerical study is conducted on mixing of two fluids in the liquid phase with two different concentrations of a chemical species in the electro-osmotic flow. Methods: The base liquid is an electrolyte which flows in a two-dimensional micro-channel having electrically charged walls. Lorentz electric force, which is used as stimulating flow factor, is created by appl...

Objective: In this article, a numerical study is conducted on mixing of two fluids in the liquid phase with two different concentrations of a chemical species in the electro-osmotic flow. Methods: The base liquid is an electrolyte which flows in a two-dimensional micro-channel having electrically charged walls. Lorentz electric force, which is used as stimulating flow factor, is created by appl...