Humans and animals have the ability to quickly learn new tasks, a rapidity that is unlikely to be manageable by pure trial and error learning on each task separately. Instead, key to this rapid adaptability appears to be the ability to integrate skills and knowledge obtained from previous tasks. This is assumed for example in the sequential build-up of curricula in education, and has been emplo...

Background. Efficient canal preparation is the key to successful root canal treatment. This study aimed to assess the cleaning and shaping ability, preparation time and file deformation of rotary, reciprocating and manual instrumentation in canal preparation of primary molars. Methods. The mesiobuccal canals of 64 extracted primary mandibular second molars were injected with India ink. The samp...

accurate diagnosis of the root canal morphology and anatomy is essential for thorough shaping and cleaning of the entire root canal system and consequent successful treatment. this report describes a case of maxillary second premolar with two roots and three root canals (two mesial and distal palatal canals). the case report underlines the importance of complete knowledge about root canal morph...