Zhang et al have taken this transla-tional medicine approach full circle by assessing the capacity of A11 to clear arterial throm-bus in 2 murine stroke models. Although A11 showed considerable promise in these studies, restoring blood flow, for example, when administered 2 hours after carotid artery occlu-sion, the most dramatic and encouraging findings were obtained with a second-generation d...

I n mammals, photoreception is restricted to the eye. By contrast, nonmammalian vertebrates possess photoreceptors in a wide array of extraocular tissues, including the pineal complex and brain (1). The identity of the deep brain photoreceptors has remained elusive. They continue to be the least studied of all nonvisual photoreceptor classes, although their existence in the vertebrates has been...

Photophobia is a common yet debilitating symptom seen in many ophthalmic and neurologic disorders. Despite its prevalence, it is poorly understood and difficult to treat. However, the past few years have seen significant advances in our understanding of this symptom. We review the clinical characteristics and disorders associated with photophobia, discuss the anatomy and physiology of this phen...

Daytime vision in vertebrates initiates with the absorption of light by cone photoreceptors (Rodieck, 1998), which generate signals for color discrimination (Sharpe et al., 1999). In humans, these cells are concentrated in a specialized part of the central retina called the fovea. This region of the eye operates over a wide range of intensities (Aguilar and Stiles, 1954) mediating high temporal...