iran is a vast land of geographically specific features and the climate is quite different. each year a number of times, short intense rains caused flooding in various parts of the southern coast of the caspian sea and river flood malicious conduct is falling. the rainfall intensity is greater and more destructive floods caused heavy damage. severe flooding during the brutal summer precipitatio...

Introduction Closing the surface energy budget (SEB) is one of the longest outstanding problems in micro-meteorology. At the earth’s surface the net radiation (QN), consisting of the budget of shortwave incoming (K), shortwave outgoing (K), longwave incoming (L) and longwave outgoing radiation (L), should be balanced by the transport of heat into the soil (G) and to the atmosphere in the form o...

The paper "ENSO surface shortwave radiation forcing over the tropical Pacific" by Pavlakis et al adds the shortwave component to their earlier study, published in this journal, which examined ENSO surface longwave radiation forcing. The paper is fine, but the results basically corroborate previously published work regarding the evolution of ENSO induced changes in atmospheric circulation, outgo...

Ground-based radiation measurements have been widely conducted to gain information on clouds and the surface radiation budget. To examine the existing techniques of cloud property retrieval and explore the underlying reasons for uncertainties, a newly developed approach that allows for simultaneous retrievals of cloud fraction and cloud albedo from ground-based shortwave broadband radiation mea...

The sensitivity of the reflection of shortwave radiation over the Southern Ocean to the cloud properties there is estimated using observations from a suite of passive and active satellite instruments in combination with radiative transfer modeling. A composite cloud property observational data description is constructed that consistently incorporates mean cloud liquid water content, ice water c...

Due to computational expense, the radiation schemes in many weather and climate models are called infrequently in time and/or on a reduced spatial grid. The former can lead to a lag in the diurnal cycle of surface temperature, while the latter can lead to large surface temperature errors at coastal land points due to surface fluxes computed over the ocean being used where the skin temperature a...

1Sonal B Dudhia, 2Bhavin B Dudhia, 3Jigna S Shah 1Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine and Dental Radiology, College of Dental Science Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 2Associate Professor, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine and Dental Radiology, Ahmedabad Dental College and Hospital Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India 3Professor and Head, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Ora...

Solar energy, as a clean and renewable resource is becoming increasingly important in the global context of climate change and energy crisis. Utilization of solar energy in urban areas is of great importance in urban energy planning, environmental conservation, and sustainable development. However, available spaces for solar panel installation in cities are quite limited except for building roo...

We have studied the spatial and temporal variation of the downward shortwave radiation (DSR) at the surface of the Earth during ENSO events for a 21-year period over the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean (40 S–40 N, 90 E–75 W). The fluxes were computed using a deterministic model for atmospheric radiation transfer, along with satellite data from the ISCCP-D2 database, reanalysis data from ...